Izindaba - Ukuqapha Amazinga E-Oxygen Ancibilikisiwe Enqubweni Yokuvutshelwa Kwemithi Ye-Bio

Iyini i-oksijini encibilikisiwe?

I-Oxygen Encibilikisiwe (DO) ibhekisela ku-oxygen yama-molecule (O2)_₂) encibilika emanzini. Ihlukile kuma-athomu e-oxygen akhona kuma-molecule amanzi (H_₂O), njengoba ikhona emanzini ngesimo sama-molecule e-oxygen azimele, avela emkhathini noma akhiqizwa yi-photosynthesis yizitshalo zasemanzini. Ukuhlushwa kwe-DO kuthonywa izici ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa, usawoti, ukugeleza kwamanzi, kanye nemisebenzi yezinto eziphilayo. Ngakho-ke, kusebenza njengesibonakaliso esibalulekile sokuhlola isimo sempilo kanye nokungcola kwezindawo zasemanzini.

I-oxygen encibilikisiwe idlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni i-metabolism yamagciwane, ithonya ukuphefumula kwamaseli, ukukhula, kanye ne-biosynthesis yemikhiqizo ye-metabolic. Kodwa-ke, amazinga aphezulu e-oxygen encibilikisiwe awasizi ngaso sonke isikhathi. I-oxygen eningi ingaholela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-metabolism okuqhubekayo kwemikhiqizo eqoqwe futhi ingabangela ukusabela okunobuthi. Amazinga e-DO afanele kakhulu ayahlukahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamagciwane. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi se-biosynthesis ye-penicillin, i-DO ivame ukugcinwa cishe ku-30% womoya ogcwele. Uma i-DO yehla iye ku-zero futhi ihlala kulelo zinga imizuzu emihlanu, ukwakheka komkhiqizo kungaphazamiseka kakhulu. Uma lesi simo siqhubeka imizuzu engama-20, kungase kube nomonakalo ongenakuguqulwa.

Njengamanje, izinzwa ze-DO ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zingalinganisa kuphela ukugcwala komoya okuhlobene, kunokuba zilinganise ukugcwala okuphelele komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe. Ngemva kokuhlanza indawo yokukhulisa, umoya nokuxuba kwenziwa kuze kube yilapho ukufundwa kwezinzwa kuzinza, lapho inani libekwa khona ku-100% ukugcwala komoya. Ukulinganisa okulandelayo ngesikhathi senqubo yokuvubela kusekelwe kulesi sithenjwa. Amanani e-DO aphelele awakwazi ukunqunywa kusetshenziswa izinzwa ezijwayelekile futhi adinga amasu athuthukile kakhulu, njenge-polarography. Kodwa-ke, ukulinganisa ukugcwala komoya ngokuvamile kwanele ukuqapha nokulawula izinqubo zokuvubela.

Ngaphakathi kwe-fermenter, amazinga e-DO angahluka ezifundeni ezahlukene. Ngisho noma kutholakala ukufundwa okuzinzile ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukuguquguquka kungase kwenzeke kwezinye iziteshi zamasiko. Ama-fermenter amakhulu avame ukubonisa ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwendawo emazingeni e-DO, okungathinta kakhulu ukukhula nokukhiqiza kwamagciwane. Ubufakazi bokuhlola bubonise ukuthi, yize izinga elijwayelekile le-DO lingaba ngu-30%, ukusebenza kokubilisa ngaphansi kwezimo ezishintshashintshayo kuphansi kakhulu kunangaphansi kwezimo ezizinzile. Ngakho-ke, ekukhulisweni kwama-fermenter—ngale kokucabangela ukufana kwejometri namandla—ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwe-DO yendawo kuseyinhloso ebalulekile yocwaningo.

Kungani Ukuqapha I-Oxygen Encibilikisiwe Kubalulekile Ekuvuthweni Kwemithi Ye-Biopharmaceutical?

1. Ukugcina Indawo Efanele Yokukhula Kwamagciwane Noma Amaseli
Ukubiliswa kwezimboni ngokuvamile kuhilela ama-microorganisms e-aerobic, njenge-Escherichia coli kanye nemvubelo, noma amaseli ezilwane ezincelisayo, njengemaseli e-Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO). Lawa maseli asebenza "njengabasebenzi" ngaphakathi kohlelo lokubiliswa, adinga umoya-mpilo wokuphefumula kanye nomsebenzi we-metabolic. Umoya-mpilo usebenza njengomamukeli we-electron wokugcina ekuphefumuleni kwe-aerobic, okwenza kube lula ukukhiqizwa kwamandla ngesimo se-ATP. Ukungatholakali komoya-mpilo owanele kungaholela ekuminyaneni kwamaseli, ekumisweni kokukhula, noma ngisho nasekufeni kwamaseli, ekugcineni okuholela ekwehlulekeni kokubiliswa. Ukuqapha amazinga e-DO kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlushwa komoya-mpilo kuhlala ngaphakathi kwebanga elifanele lokukhula okuqhubekayo kwamaseli kanye nokuphila kahle.

2. Ukuqinisekisa Ukuhlanganiswa Okusebenzayo Kwemikhiqizo Eqondiwe
Inhloso yokubiliswa kwe-biopharmaceutical akukhona nje ukukhuthaza ukwanda kwamaseli kodwa ukwenza lula ukwenziwa kahle kwemikhiqizo ehlosiwe efiselekayo, njenge-insulin, ama-antibodies e-monoclonal, imijovo, nama-enzyme. Lezi zindlela zokwenziwa kwe-bio zivame ukudinga amandla amaningi, ikakhulukazi atholakala ekuphefumuleni kwe-aerobic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo eziningi ze-enzyme ezihilelekile ekuhlanganisweni komkhiqizo zincike ngqo ku-oxygen. Ukuntuleka kwe-oxygen kungaphazamisa noma kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kwalezi zindlela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazinga e-DO asebenza njengesignali yokulawula. Kokubili amazinga e-DO aphezulu kakhulu naphansi kakhulu angenza okulandelayo:
- Shintsha izindlela ze-metabolic zamaseli, isibonelo, ukushintsha kusuka ekuphefumuleni kwe-aerobic kuya ekuvuthweni kwe-anaerobic okungekuhle.
- Kuvusa izimpendulo zokucindezeleka kwamangqamuzana, okuholela ekukhiqizweni kwemikhiqizo engafuneki.
- Ithonya amazinga okuvezwa kwamaprotheni angaphandle.

Ngokulawula ngokunembile amazinga e-DO ezigabeni ezahlukene zokubilisa, kungenzeka ukuqondisa imetabolism yamaseli ekuhlanganiseni umkhiqizo oqondiwe kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe ukubilisa okuphezulu kanye nokukhiqizwa okuphezulu.

Isingeniso kuShadi Lokugeleza Kwamanzi le-Bio Pharmaceuticals

3. Ukuvimbela Ukuntuleka Komoya-mpilo noma Ukweqisa
Ukuntuleka kwe-oxygen (hypoxia) kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu:
- Ukukhula kwamaseli kanye nokwakheka komkhiqizo kuyaphela.
- I-metabolism ishintshela ezindleleni ezingena-aerobic, okuholela ekuqongeleleni kwama-organic acid njenge-lactic acid ne-acetic acid, okwehlisa i-pH yendawo yokukhulisa futhi kungafaka ubuthi emaseli.
- I-hypoxia ende ingabangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka, kanti ukululama kungaphelele ngisho nangemva kokuba ukunikezwa komoya-mpilo sekubuyiselwe.

Umoya-mpilo oweqile (ukwanda komoya-mpilo) nakho kubeka engcupheni:
- Kungabangela ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative kanye nokwakheka kwezinhlobo ze-reactive oxygen (ROS), ezilimaza ulwelwesi lwamaseli kanye nama-biomolecule.
- Umoya omningi kanye nokushukuma kwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezindleko zokusebenza, okuholela ekuchithweni kwezinsiza okungadingekile.

4. Njengepharamitha Ebalulekile Yokuqapha Kwesikhathi Sangempela Nokulawula Impendulo

I-DO iyipharamitha yesikhathi sangempela, eqhubekayo, futhi ebanzi ekhombisa izimo zangaphakathi zesistimu yokubilisa. Izinguquko emazingeni e-DO zingabonisa ngokuzwela izimo ezahlukene zomzimba nezokusebenza:
- Ukukhula okusheshayo kwamangqamuzana kwandisa ukusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo, okubangela amazinga e-DO ehle.
- Ukuncipha noma ukuvinjelwa kwe-substrate kunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-metabolism, kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-oxygen futhi kubangele amazinga e-DO akhuphuke.
- Ukungcoliswa yizinambuzane zakwamanye amazwe kushintsha indlela yokusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo, okuholela ekushintsheni kwe-DO okungavamile futhi kusebenza njengesixwayiso sokuqala.
- Ukungasebenzi kahle kwemishini, njengokwehluleka kwe-stirrer, ukuvaleka kwepayipi lokungenisa umoya, noma ukungcola kwesihlungi, nakho kungabangela ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile kwe-DO.

Ngokuhlanganisa ukuqapha kwe-DO ngesikhathi sangempela ohlelweni lokulawula impendulo oluzenzakalelayo, ukulawulwa okunembile kwamazinga e-DO kungatholakala ngokulungiswa okuguquguqukayo kwamapharamitha alandelayo:
- Isivinini sokuxubha: Ukwandisa isivinini kuthuthukisa ukuthintana kwegesi noketshezi ngokuphula amabhamuza, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa umoya-mpilo. Lena yindlela evame ukusetshenziswa futhi ephumelelayo.
- Izinga lomoya: Ukulungisa izinga lokugeleza noma ukwakheka kwegesi yokungena (isb., ukwandisa isilinganiso somoya noma i-oxygen emsulwa).
- Ukucindezela kwethangi: Ukuphakamisa ukucindezela kwandisa ingcindezi engaphelele ye-oxygen, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukisa ukuncibilika.
- Izinga lokushisa: Ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa kwandisa ukuncibilika komoya-mpilo endaweni yokukhulisa izitshalo.

Izincomo zomkhiqizo we-BOQU zokuqapha ukubiliswa kwezinto eziphilayo ku-inthanethi: