Izindaba - Ungaqinisekisa Kanjani Ukuphepha Kwamanzi Okuphuza?

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I. Izindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke Zamanzi Okuphuza Afanelekile

Ukuphepha emanzini okuphuza kuyisisekelo sempilo yabantu, futhi umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba unemithethonqubo eqinile neningiliziwe ngezindinganiso zamanzi okuphuza afanelekayo. Njengegunya lomhlaba wonke kwezempilo yomphakathi, i-World Health Organization (WHO) ithuthukise amazinga amanzi okuphuza anethonya elikhulu. Ichaza amanzi okuphuza aphephile njengamanzi, uma ephuzwa ngesilinganiso samalitha ama-2 ngosuku impilo yonke ngokusekelwe esikhathini sokuphila seminyaka engama-70, angadali umonakalo omkhulu empilweni. Le ncazelo ihlanganisa namanzi asetshenziselwa ukuhlanzeka komuntu siqu kwansuku zonke.

Ngokuphathelene nezinkomba ezithile, i-WHO ibeka ukuthi amanzi okuphuza akufanele abe nama-microorganisms abangela izifo, okuyisihluthulelo sokuvimbela ukwenzeka nokusabalala kwezifo ezibangelwa amanzi. Okwamanje, amazinga amakhemikhali kanye nezinto ezinemisebe emanzini kumele alawulwe ngaphakathi kwezigaba ezingabeki izingozi empilweni yabantu. Izici zemizwa nazo zibalulekile: amanzi kufanele abe nokubukeka okuhle, umbala, iphunga, kanye nokunambitheka okuhle, njengoba lezi ziyizinkomba eziqondile eziyinhloko zabantu zokwahlulela ukwamukelwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi okuphuza kumele ahlanzwe ukuze kubulawe noma kuqandwe ama-microorganisms abangela izifo. Izindlela ezivamile zokuhlanza amagciwane zifaka phakathi i-chlorination, i-chloramination, i-ozonation, kanye ne-ultraviolet disinfecting.

Amazwe nezifunda ezahlukene nazo zakhe izindinganiso zazo ngokusekelwe eziqondisweni ze-WHO, kuhlanganiswe nezimo zazo zangempela. Izindinganiso zamanje zaseShayina zekhwalithi yamanzi okuphuza (GB 5749-2022) zibeka phambili izidingo ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo zezempilo zekhwalithi yamanzi, ezihambisana nezindinganiso ze-WHO, ngenkathi zihlaziya ezinye izinkomba ngokwezidingo zemvelo nezempilo zasekhaya. I-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) nayo inezindinganiso eziqinile zamanzi okuphuza, enemikhawulo ecacile yokungcola okuhlukahlukene. Isibonelo, ibilokhu iqinisa kakhulu ukubhekwa kokungcola okuvelayo njengezinto ze-per- kanye ne-polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS). Izindinganiso ze-EU ziqine kakhulu; isibonelo, ibeka umkhawulo we-nitrate ku-3 mg/L, oqinile kunezindinganiso ze-10 mg/L ezibekwe yi-WHO kanye neChina.

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II. Izinselele Zokuqinisekisa Ukuphepha Kwamanzi Okuphuza

(1) Ukusatshalaliswa Kwezinsizakusebenza Okungalingani Emhlabeni Wonke

Ngokusho kwemibiko ye-UN, cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2.1 emhlabeni wonke basantula ukufinyelela emanzini okuphuza aphephile, phakathi kwabo abayizigidi ezingu-106 baphuza ngqo amanzi angaphezulu angalashwanga. Emazweni angakathuthuki kakhulu, abantu banamathuba angaphezu kokuphindwe kabili okuntuleka ukufinyelela emanzini okuphuza ayisisekelo kanye nezinsizakalo zokuhlanzeka uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo akwamanye amazwe. Igebe lasemadolobheni nasemaphandleni nalo liyaqhubeka, njengoba izimo zokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kanye nokuhlanzeka ezindaweni zasemakhaya zisilele kakhulu kunezasemadolobheni. Izindawo zasemakhaya zivame ukubhekana nezinkinga ezifana nemithombo yamanzi engazinzile, umthamo wamanzi onganele, ukuvikelwa kwamanzi okunganele, izindawo zokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi ezibuthakathaka, kanye nokuguga okukhulu kanye nokuvuza kwamapayipi amanzi, konke okwenza kube nzima ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwamanzi okuphuza.

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(2) Izinkinga Zokungcola Ezikhulayo

Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezimboni kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezolimo okukhulu kwenze ukungcola kwamanzi kwaba yinkinga evelele kakhulu. Ukukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile ezimbonini okungekho emthethweni kungenisa inani elikhulu lezinto zamakhemikhali emizimbeni yamanzi. Lezi zinto zihlala emanzini isikhathi eside, eziningi aziboli, futhi zingalimaza umzimba womuntu ngqo. Ukugxila okuphezulu esikhathini esifushane kungabangela ubuthi obukhulu, kanti ukugxila okuphansi isikhathi eside kungaholela ebuthi obungapheli. Umanyolo wamakhemikhali kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo zingena emizimbeni yamanzi ngokugeleza kwamanzi emvula, okubangela ukuntuleka kwamanzi kanye nokungcola kwamakhemikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezivelayo, njenge-"forever chemicals" njenge-PFAS, kunzima ukuzingcolisa endaweni yemvelo, ziqongelela endaweni yemvelo kanye nasemizimbeni yabantu, futhi zibeka izinsongo ezintsha ekuphepheni kwamanzi okuphuza.

(3) Izingozi Ezintsha Ezivela Ekushintsheni Kwesimo Sezulu

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke kuholele ezenzakalweni zesimo sezulu ezimbi kakhulu ezifana nesomiso, izimvula ezinkulu, kanye namagagasi okushisa, okuletha izinselele ezintsha ekuphepheni kwamanzi okuphuza. Isomiso sinciphisa umthamo wamanzi futhi somise ngisho nemithombo yamanzi, sandise umfutho wokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi. Imvula enkulu ingabangela izikhukhula, igeze ukungcola kwamanzi emithonjeni yamanzi futhi inciphise ikhwalithi yamanzi. Okwamanje, ushintsho lwesimo sezulu lungaphazamisa nokulinganisela kwemvelo yezindawo zamanzi, okuholela ezinkingeni ezifana nokuqhakaza ngokweqile kwe-algae, okuthinta kakhulu ukuphepha kwamanzi okuphuza.

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III. Indima Yokuqapha Ikhwalithi Yamanzi Ekuqinisekiseni Ukuphepha Kwamanzi Okuphuza

Ukuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwamanzi okuphuza, okuhlanganisa yonke inqubo kusukela emithonjeni yamanzi kuya empompini.

(1) Ukulawulwa Komthombo

Ukuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi njalo emithonjeni yamanzi kungabona ngesikhathi ukuthi amanzi angcolile yini, kanye nohlobo kanye nezinga lokungcola. Isibonelo, ukuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi emifuleni, emachibini, emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, kanye neminye imithombo kusiza ukulandelela izinguquko ezinkomba ezifana namagciwane abangela izifo, izinto zamakhemikhali, kanye nezinto ezinemisebe. Uma izinkomba ezingavamile sezitholiwe, izinyathelo zingathathwa ngokushesha, njengokuphenya imithombo yokungcola nokuqinisa ukuvikelwa kwamanzi avela emithonjeni, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwamanzi okuphuza avela emthonjeni.

(2) Ukuqapha Inqubo

Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwamanzi okuphuza, ukuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinqubo zokwelashwa. Ngokuqhathanisa ikhwalithi yamanzi ngaphambi nangemva kokwelashwa, kungenzeka ukunquma ukuthi izinqubo ezifana nokubulala amagciwane kanye nokuhlunga zifinyelele imiphumela elindelekile, futhi kulungiswe imingcele yokwelashwa ngesikhathi esifanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi aphuma esitshalweni sokwelapha ahlangabezana nezindinganiso. Okwamanje, ukuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kwepayipi kungathola izinkinga ezifana nokuvuza kwepayipi kanye nokungcola kwesibili ngesikhathi esifanele. Isibonelo, ukuqapha izinguquko kumagciwane asele emapayipini kungasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi kukhona yini ukungcola kwepayipi, ukuze ukulungiswa kanye nokwelashwa kwenziwe ngokushesha.

(3) Isiqinisekiso Sokuphela Kwepayipi

Ekugcineni komsebenzisi,ukuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzikuvumela izakhamuzi ukuthi ziqonde ikhwalithi yamanzi okuphuza emakhaya azo. Ukuvela kwamadivayisi okuhlola ikhwalithi yamanzi aphathekayo kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlola ezinye izinkomba zamanzi okuphuza zodwa, njengokungcoliswa kwamanzi, inani le-pH, kanye nesibulali-magciwane esisele. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukuzethemba kwezakhamuzi ngokuphepha kwamanzi okuphuza kodwa futhi kuzenza zikwazi ukubona izinkinga futhi zibike ngazo eminyangweni efanele ngesikhathi esifanele, okukhuthaza isimo esihle sokuqapha umphakathi wonke ngokuphepha kwamanzi okuphuza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha yokuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi inikeza isisekelo esibalulekile sokwakhiwa kwenqubomgomo kanye nocwaningo lwesayensi. Ukuhlaziya inani elikhulu ledatha yokuqapha kusiza ukuqonda isimo sonke kanye nemikhuba yentuthuko yokuphepha kwamanzi okuphuza, kusekela ukwakhiwa kwezindinganiso zamanzi okuphuza zesayensi nezinengqondo kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuphatha. Kuphinde kusize abacwaningi ukuthi benze izifundo ezijulile ngamaphethini okungcola kwamanzi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwelapha, kuthuthukiswe njalo izinga lokuqinisekiswa kokuphepha kwamanzi okuphuza.

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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-17-2026