Kulinganiswa kanjani ukungcoliswa kwamanzi?

Kuyini Ukuthuthumela?

Ukukhukhuleka kuyisilinganiso sokufiphala noma ukufiphala koketshezi, okuvame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlola ikhwalithi yamanzi ezindaweni zamanzi zemvelo—njengemifula, amachibi, nolwandle—kanye nasezinhlelweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi. Kuvela ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezilengayo, okuhlanganisa udaka, ulwelwe, i-plankton, kanye nemikhiqizo yezimboni, ehlakaza ukukhanya kudlula ekholomu yamanzi.
I-turbidity ivame ukulinganiswa kumayunithi e-turbidity e-nephelometric (NTU), kanti amanani aphezulu abonisa ukungabonakali kwamanzi okukhulu. Le yunithi isekelwe enanini lokukhanya okusakazeke yizinhlayiya ezilenga emanzini, njengoba kulinganiswa yi-nephelometer. I-nephelometer ikhanyisa umsebe wokukhanya ngesampula futhi ibona ukukhanya okuhlakazeke yizinhlayiya ezilenga nge-engeli engama-degree angu-90. Amanani aphezulu e-NTU abonisa i-turbidity enkulu, noma i-cloudiness, emanzini. Amanani aphansi e-NTU abonisa amanzi acacile.
Isibonelo: Amanzi ahlanzekile angaba nenani le-NTU eliseduze no-0. Amanzi okuphuza, okudingeka ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuphepha, ngokuvamile ane-NTU engaphansi kuka-1. Amanzi anamazinga aphezulu okungcola noma izinhlayiya ezilengayo angaba namanani e-NTU angamakhulu noma izinkulungwane.

Kungani kufanele kulinganiswe ukungcoliswa kwekhwalithi yamanzi?

Amazinga aphezulu okungcola angaholela emiphumeleni eminingana emibi:
1） Ukungena kokukhanya okunciphile: Lokhu kuphazamisa i-photosynthesis ezitshalweni zasemanzini, ngaleyo ndlela kuphazamise uhlelo olubanzi lwemvelo yasemanzini oluncike ekukhiqizeni okuyinhloko.
2）Ukuvaleka kwezinhlelo zokuhlunga: Izinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe zingavimba izihlungi ezindaweni zokuhlanza amanzi, kwandise izindleko zokusebenza futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza.
3）Ukuhlanganiswa nokungcola: Izinhlayiya ezibangela ukukhukhumala zivame ukusebenza njengabathwali bezinto ezingcolisa umzimba eziyingozi, njengezinambuzane ezibangela izifo, izinsimbi ezisindayo, namakhemikhali anobuthi, okubeka izingozi kokubili empilweni yemvelo kanye neyabantu.
Ngamafuphi, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kusebenza njengesibonakaliso esibalulekile sokuhlola ubuqotho bemithombo yamanzi, amakhemikhali, kanye nemvelo, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kokuqapha kwemvelo kanye nezinhlaka zezempilo zomphakathi.
Iyini isimiso sokulinganisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi?

Isimiso sokulinganisa ukugcwala kwamanzi sisekelwe ekuhlakazekeni kokukhanya njengoba kudlula esampula yamanzi equkethe izinhlayiya ezilengayo. Lapho ukukhanya kuhlangana nalezi zinhlayiya, kuhlakazeka ngezindlela ezahlukene, futhi amandla okukhanya okuhlakazekile ahambisana ngqo nokugcwala kwezinhlayiya ezikhona. Ukugcwala kwezinhlayiya okuphezulu kuphumela ekuhlakazekeni kokukhanya okwandisiwe, okuholela ekugcwaleni okukhulu.

isimiso sokulinganisa ukugcwala kwamanzi

Inqubo ingahlukaniswa ngezinyathelo ezilandelayo:
Umthombo Wokukhanya: Ukukhanya okukhanyayo, okuvame ukukhishwa yi-laser noma i-LED, kuqondiswa ngesampula yamanzi.
Izinhlayiya Ezilengayo: Njengoba ukukhanya kusakazeka ngesampula, izinto ezilengayo—njenge-sediment, i-algae, i-plankton, noma ukungcola—zibangela ukukhanya ukuba kusakazeke ngezindlela eziningi.
Ukutholwa Kokukhanya Okusakazekile: Ai-nephelometer, ithuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ukungcoliswa, lithola ukukhanya okuhlakazekile nge-engeli engama-degree angu-90 uma kuqhathaniswa nomsebe wesigameko. Lokhu kutholwa kwe-angular kuyindlela ejwayelekile ngenxa yokuzwela kwayo okuphezulu ekuhlakazekeni okubangelwa yizinhlayiya.
Ukulinganiswa Kokukhanya Okusakazekile: Ubukhulu bokukhanya okusakazekile buyalinganiswa, kanti ukuqina okuphezulu okubonisa ukuhlushwa okukhulu kwezinhlayiya ezilengayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukugcwala okuphezulu.
Ukubalwa Kokugcwala: Ubukhulu bokukhanya okuhlakazekile obulinganisiwe buguqulwa bube yiNephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU), okuhlinzeka ngenani elijwayelekile lezinombolo elimelela izinga lokugcwala.
Yini elinganisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi?

Ukulinganisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kusetshenziswa izinzwa zokungcoliswa kwamanzi ezisekelwe ekukhanyeni kuyindlela eyamukelwa kabanzi ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini zanamuhla. Ngokuvamile, i-analyzer yokungcoliswa kwamanzi enezici eziningi iyadingeka ukuze ibonise izilinganiso zesikhathi sangempela, ivumele ukuhlanzwa kwezinzwa okuzenzakalelayo njalo, futhi iqalise izaziso zokufundwa okungajwayelekile, ngaleyo ndlela iqinisekise ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zekhwalithi yamanzi.

Inzwa Yokujika Okuku-inthanethi (Amanzi olwandle alinganiswayo)

Izindawo zokusebenza ezahlukene zidinga izixazululo zokuqapha ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ezihlukile. Ezinhlelweni zokuphakelwa kwamanzi zesibili zokuhlala, ezitshalweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi, nasezindaweni zokungena nezokuphuma zezikhungo zamanzi aphuzwayo, kusetshenziswa kakhulu amamitha okungcoliswa kwamanzi asezingeni eliphansi anokunemba okuphezulu kanye nezindawo zokulinganisa ezincane. Lokhu kungenxa yesidingo esiqinile samazinga okungcoliswa kwamanzi aphansi kulezi zindawo. Isibonelo, emazweni amaningi, indinganiso yokulawula yamanzi ompompi ezindaweni zokwelashwa ichaza izinga lokungcoliswa kwamanzi elingaphansi kwe-NTU eyi-1. Nakuba ukuhlolwa kwamanzi echibini lokubhukuda kungavamile, uma kwenziwa, kudinga amazinga okungcoliswa kwamanzi aphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamamitha okungcoliswa kwamanzi asezingeni eliphansi.

Amamitha Okujika Okuphansi TBG-6188T

Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nezitshalo zokuhlanza amanzi amdaka kanye nezindawo zokukhipha ukungcola kwezimboni zidinga amamitha okugcwala amanzi amdaka asezingeni eliphezulu. Amanzi kulezi zindawo avame ukubonisa ukuguquguquka okukhulu kokugcwala kwamanzi futhi angase abe nokugcwala okukhulu kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, izinhlayiya ze-colloidal, noma ama-precipitate amakhemikhali. Amanani okugcwala kwamanzi amdaka avame ukwedlula imikhawulo yokulinganisa ephezulu yezinsimbi ezisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukugcwala kwamanzi amdaka okunamandla esitshalweni sokuhlanza amanzi amdaka kungafinyelela amakhulu amaningana e-NTU, futhi ngisho nangemva kokwelashwa kokuqala, ukuqapha amazinga okugcwala kwamanzi amdaka kumashumi e-NTU kusadingeka. Amamitha okugcwala amanzi amdaka asezingeni eliphezulu avame ukusebenza ngesimiso sesilinganiso sokukhanya okusabalele kuya kokudluliselwa. Ngokusebenzisa amasu okukhulisa ububanzi obuguquguqukayo, la mathuluzi afinyelela amakhono okulinganisa kusuka ku-0.1 NTU kuya ku-4000 NTU ngenkathi egcina ukunemba okungu-±2% wesilinganiso esigcwele.

I-Industrial On-line Turbidity Analyzer

Ezimweni ezikhethekile zezimboni, njengemikhakha yezokwelapha kanye nokudla neziphuzo, izidingo ezinkulu nakakhulu zibekwa ekunembileni nasekuzinzeni kwesikhathi eside kokulinganiswa kokungcola. Lezi zimboni zivame ukusebenzisa amamitha okungcola anemisebe emibili, afaka umsebe wokubhekisela ukuze akhokhele ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukushintshashintsha komthombo wokukhanya kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukuthembeka kokulinganisa okuqhubekayo. Isibonelo, ukungcolile kwamanzi okujova kumele kugcinwe ngaphansi kuka-0.1 NTU, okubeka izidingo eziqinile ekuzweleni kwethuluzi kanye nokumelana nokuphazamiseka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe be-Intanethi Yezinto (IoT), izinhlelo zokuqapha ukungcoliswa kwamanzi zanamuhla ziya ngokuya ziba ezihlakaniphile futhi zixhumene. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamamojula okuxhumana e-4G/5G kwenza kube lula ukudluliselwa kwedatha yokungcoliswa kwamanzi ngesikhathi sangempela kumapulatifomu amafu, okwenza kube lula ukuqapha kude, ukuhlaziya idatha, kanye nezaziso zesaziso ezenzakalelayo. Isibonelo, isitshalo sokwelapha amanzi sikamasipala sisebenzise uhlelo lokuqapha ukungcoliswa kwamanzi oluhlakaniphile oluxhumanisa idatha yokungcoliswa kwamanzi nesistimu yaso yokulawula ukusatshalaliswa kwamanzi. Lapho kutholakala ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okungavamile, uhlelo lulungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo umthamo wamakhemikhali, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kokuhambisana nekhwalithi yamanzi kusuka ku-98% kuya ku-99.5%, kanye nokwehla ngo-12% kokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali.
Ingabe i-turbidity ingumqondo ofanayo nezinto eziqinile ezilenga ngokuphelele?

I-Turbidity kanye ne-Total Suspended Solids (TSS) yimibono ehlobene, kodwa ayifani. Zombili zibhekisela ezinhlayiyeni ezilenga emanzini, kodwa ziyahlukahluka kulokho ezikulinganisayo kanye nendlela ezilinganiswa ngayo.
Ukukhukhumala kulinganisa isici sokubona samanzi, ikakhulukazi ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okuhlakazekile yizinhlayiya ezilengayo. Akukali ngokuqondile inani lezinhlayiya, kodwa kunalokho kungakanani ukukhanya okuvinjiwe noma okuphambukisiwe yilezo zinhlayiya. Ukukhukhumala kuthinteka hhayi kuphela ngokuhlushwa kwezinhlayiya kodwa futhi nangezici ezifana nosayizi, ukuma, nombala wezinhlayiya, kanye nobude bokukhanya obusetshenziswa ekulinganisweni.

Imitha Yezimboni Eziphelele Ezisekelwe Eziqinile (i-TSS)

Ingqikithi Yezinto Eziqinile Ezimisiwe(TSS) ilinganisa isisindo sangempela sezinhlayiya ezilengayo kusampula yamanzi. Ibala isisindo esiphelele sezinto eziqinile ezilenga emanzini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinezici ezinjani zokukhanya.
I-TSS ilinganiswa ngokuhlunga inani lamanzi elaziwayo ngesihlungi (ngokuvamile isihlungi esinesisindo esaziwayo). Ngemva kokuba amanzi esehlungiwe, izinto eziqinile ezisele esihlungini zomiswa futhi zikalwe. Umphumela uvezwa ngama-milligram ngelitha (mg/L). I-TSS ihlobene ngqo nenani lezinhlayiya ezilengayo, kodwa ayinikezi ulwazi mayelana nosayizi wezinhlayiya noma ukuthi izinhlayiya zihlakaza kanjani ukukhanya.
Umehluko Oyinhloko:
1） Uhlobo Lokulinganisa:
I-turbidity iyisici esibonakalayo (indlela ukukhanya okusabalala noma okumuncwa ngayo).
I-TSS iyimpahla ebonakalayo (isisindo sezinhlayiya ezilenga emanzini).
2） Lokho Abakulinganisayo:
Ukuguguleka kwamanzi kunikeza inkomba yokuthi amanzi acacile noma amnyama kangakanani, kodwa akunikezi isisindo sangempela sezinto eziqinile.
I-TSS inikeza isilinganiso esiqondile senani lezinto eziqinile emanzini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi libukeka licacile noma limnyama kangakanani.
3） Amayunithi:
I-Turbidity ilinganiswa nge-NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units).
I-TSS ilinganiswa ngo-mg/L (ama-milligram ngelitha).
Ingabe umbala kanye nokungaguquguquki kuyafana?

Umbala kanye nokungamanzi akufani, yize kokubili kuthinta ukubukeka kwamanzi.

Imitha Yombala Esezingeni Lamanzi E-inthanethi

Nansi umehluko:
Umbala ubhekisela embala noma umbala wamanzi obangelwa izinto ezincibilikisiwe, njengezinto eziphilayo (njengamaqabunga abolayo) noma amaminerali (njengensimbi noma i-manganese). Ngisho namanzi acwebile angaba nombala uma equkethe izinto ezinemibala encibilikisiwe.
Ukuguguleka kubhekisela ekuguquguqukeni noma ekufiphaleni kwamanzi okubangelwa yizinhlayiya ezilengayo, njengobumba, udaka, amagciwane, noma ezinye izinto eziqinile. Kukala ukuthi izinhlayiya zihlakaza kangakanani ukukhanya okudlula emanzini.
Kafushane:
Umbala = izinto ezincibilikisiwe
Ukukhukhumala = izinhlayiya ezilengayo