Kukalwa kanjani ukuguquguquka kwamanzi?

Iyini I-Turbidity?

I-Turbidity isilinganiso sokuguquguquka noma ubulukhuni boketshezi, ngokuvamile olusetshenziselwa ukuhlola izinga lamanzi emanzini emvelo—njengemifula, amachibi, nolwandle—kanye nasezinhlelweni zokuhlanza amanzi. Kuvela ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe, okuhlanganisa udaka, ulwelwe, i-plankton, nemikhiqizo yezimboni, esakaza ukukhanya okudlula kukholamu yamanzi.
I-turbidity ivamise ukubalwa ngamayunithi e-nephelometric turbidity (NTU), amanani aphezulu abonisa ukufiphala okukhulu kwamanzi. Le yunithi isekelwe enanini lokukhanya okuhlakazwe yizinhlayiya ezimisiwe emanzini, njengoba kulinganiswa nge-nephelometer. I-nephelometer ikhanyisa umsebe wokukhanya ngesampula futhi ithola ukukhanya okuhlakazwa yizinhlayiya ezimisiwe nge-engeli engu-90-degree. Amanani aphezulu e-NTU abonisa ukuguguleka okukhulu, noma ukuguqubala, emanzini. Amanani aphansi e-NTU abonisa amanzi acwebile.
Isibonelo:Amanzi acwebile angase abe nenani le-NTU elisondele ku-0.Amanzi okuphuza, adinga ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha, ngokuvamile ane-NTU engaphansi kuka-1.Amanzi anamazinga aphezulu okungcola noma izinhlayiya ezimisiwe angaba namavelu e-NTU angaba ngamakhulu noma izinkulungwane.

Kungani kukalwa ukuguguleka kwekhwalithi yamanzi?

Amazinga e-turbidity aphakeme angaholela emiphumeleni eminingi emibi:
1）Ukungena kokukhanya okuncishisiwe: Lokhu konakalisa i-photosynthesis ezitshalweni zasemanzini, ngaleyo ndlela kuphazamisa i-ecosystem ebanzi yasemanzini encike ekukhiqizeni okuyisisekelo.
2) Ukuvala amasistimu okuhlunga: Okuqinile okumisiwe kungase kuvimbele izihlungi ezindaweni zokuhlanza amanzi, kukhuphule izindleko zokusebenza kanye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokwelashwa.
3) Ukuhlotshaniswa nezinto ezingcolisa umoya: Izinhlayiya ezibangela ukuvunguza ngokuvamile zisebenza njengabathwali bokungcola okuyingozi, njengama-microorganisms e-pathogenic, izinsimbi ezisindayo, namakhemikhali anobuthi, abeka ubungozi kokubili kwemvelo kanye nempilo yabantu.
Kafushane, imfucumfucu isebenza njengenkomba ebalulekile yokuhlola ubuqotho bomzimba, amakhemikhali, kanye nebhayoloji yemithombo yamanzi, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kokuqapha kwemvelo kanye nezinhlaka zezempilo zomphakathi.
Uyini umgomo wokulinganisa i-turbidity?

Umgomo wokulinganisa uthuli usekelwe ekuhlakazweni kokukhanya njengoba kudlula isampula yamanzi equkethe izinhlayiya ezimisiwe. Uma ukukhanya kuhlangana nalezi zinhlayiya, kuhlakazeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, futhi amandla okukhanya okuhlakazekile alingana ngokuqondile nokuhlangana kwezinhlayiya ezikhona. Ukugxila kwezinhlayiyana eziphezulu kubangela ukwanda kokuhlakazeka kokukhanya, okuholela ekudakaleni okukhulu.

isimiso sokulinganisa i-turbidity

Inqubo ingahlukaniswa ibe yizinyathelo ezilandelayo:
Umthombo Wokukhanya: I-beam yokukhanya, ngokuvamile ekhishwa i-laser noma i-LED, iqondiswa ngesampula yamanzi.
Izinhlayiya Ezimisiwe: Njengoba ukukhanya kubhebhetheka kusampula, into emisiwe—njengentlenga, ulwelwe, i-plankton, noma ukungcola—ibangela ukukhanya ukuthi kuhlakazeke ezindaweni eziningi.
Ukutholwa Kokukhanya Okuhlakazekile: Ai-nephelometer, ithuluzi elisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa i-turbidity, ithola ukukhanya okuhlakazekile nge-engeli ye-90-degree ngokuhlobene ne-angeli yesigameko.Lokhu kutholwa kwe-angular kuyindlela evamile ngenxa yokuzwela kwakho okuphezulu ekuhlakazweni kwezinhlayiyana.
Ukulinganiswa Kokuqina Kokukhanya Okuhlakazekile: Ukuqina kokukhanya okuhlakazekile kulinganiswa, ngokuqina okuphezulu okubonisa ukugxiliswa okukhulu kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe futhi, ngenxa yalokho, i-turbidity ephakeme.
Ukubalwa koTurbidity: Ukuqina kokukhanya okuhlakazekile okulinganiselwe kuguqulelwa ku-Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU), okuhlinzeka ngenani lenombolo elimisiwe elimele izinga lokuthuthumela.
Yini ekala ukuguguleka kwamanzi?

Ukulinganisa ukuguquguquka kwamanzi kusetshenziswa izinzwa ze-optical-based turbidity kuwumkhuba owamukelwa kabanzi ezinhlelweni zanamuhla zezimboni. Ngokuvamile, i-turbidity analyzer enemisebenzi eminingi iyadingeka ukuze ibonise izilinganiso zesikhathi sangempela, inike amandla ukuhlanzwa kwenzwa okuzenzakalelayo ngezikhathi ezithile, kanye nezixwayiso zokuqalisa ukufunda okungavamile, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukuthobelana nezindinganiso zekhwalithi yamanzi.

Inzwa ye-Turbidity eku-inthanethi (Amanzi olwandle Alinganisekayo)

Izimo zokusebenza ezihlukene zidinga izixazululo ezihlukile zokuqapha i-turbidity. Ezinhlelweni zokuhlala ezihlinzeka ngamanzi esibili, izikhungo zokuhlanza amanzi, nasezindaweni zokungena neziphumayo zezindawo zamanzi aphuzwayo, kusetshenziswa kakhulu amamitha emfucumfucu ebangeni eliphansi anembayo kanye nezigaba zokulinganisa ezincane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yemfuneko eqinile yamazinga aphansi e-turbidity kulezi zilungiselelo. Isibonelo, emazweni amaningi, indinganiso yokulawula yamanzi kampompi ezitolo zezitshalo zokuhlanza icacisa ileveli ye-turbidity engaphansi kwe-1 NTU. Nakuba ukuhlolwa kwamanzi echibini lokubhukuda kungavamile, uma kwenziwa, kudinga namazinga aphansi kakhulu e-turbidity, ngokuvamile okudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamamitha e-turbidity ebangeni eliphansi.

Ibanga eliphansi le-Turbidity Meters TBG-6188T

Ngokuphambene, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nezindawo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile kanye nezindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu yasezimbonini zidinga amamitha we-turbidity ephezulu. Amanzi akulezi zindawo ngokuvamile abonisa ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwe-turbidity futhi angase aqukathe ukugxiliswa okukhulu kwezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, izinhlayiya ze-colloidal, noma imvula yamakhemikhali. Amanani e-turbidity avamise ukudlula umkhawulo wokulinganisa ophezulu wamathuluzi obubanzi obuphansi kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukuthuthumela okunamandla endaweni yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile kungafinyelela amakhulu amaningana e-NTU, futhi ngisho nangemva kokwelashwa okuyisisekelo, ukuqapha amazinga e-turbidity kumashumi e-NTU kusadingeka. Ububanzi obuphezulu be-turbidity metres ngokuvamile busebenza ngomgomo wesilinganiso sokukhanya okuhlakazekile kuya kokudluliselwa. Ngokusebenzisa amasu okukhulisa ububanzi obuguqukayo, lawa mathuluzi afinyelela amandla okulinganisa ukusuka ku-0.1 NTU ukuya ku-4000 NTU kuyilapho egcina ukunemba okungu-±2% kwesikali esigcwele.

I-Industrial On-line Turbidity Analyzer

Ezimweni ezikhethekile zezimboni, njengemboni yemithi nokudla neziphuzo, izimfuno ezinkulu nakakhulu zibekwa ekunembeni nasekuzinzeni kwesikhathi eside kwezilinganiso ze-turbidity. Lezi zimboni zivame ukusebenzisa amamitha e-dual-beam turbidity, ahlanganisa i-reference beam ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukuhlukahluka komthombo wokukhanya nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisekiswe ukwethembeka kwesilinganiso okungaguquki. Isibonelo, ukuxubha kwamanzi omjovo kufanele kugcinwe ngaphansi kuka-0.1 NTU, okubeka izidingo eziqinile ekuzweleni kwensimbi nokumelana nokuphazamiseka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe be-Intanethi Yezinto (i-IoT), izinhlelo zesimanje zokuqapha ukonakala ziya ngokuya ziba ngobuhlakani futhi zixhumeke kunethiwekhi. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamamojula okuxhumana we-4G/5G kunika amandla ukudluliswa kwesikhathi sangempela kwedatha ye-turbidity kumapulatifomu amafu, ukwenza lula ukuqapha okukude, ukuhlaziya idatha, nezaziso ezizenzakalelayo zokuxwayisa. Isibonelo, indawo kamasipala yokuhlanza amanzi isebenzise isistimu yokuqapha ukuguguleka okuhlakaniphile exhumanisa idatha ye-turbidity ephumayo nohlelo lwayo lokulawula ukusatshalaliswa kwamanzi. Lapho kutholwa ukungcola okungavamile, uhlelo luzilungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukulinganisa kwamakhemikhali, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kokuthotshelwa kwekhwalithi yamanzi kusuka ku-98% kuya ku-99.5%, kanye nokwehla ngo-12% kokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali.
Ingabe i-turbidity iwumqondo ofanayo nowokuqinile omisiwe ngokuphelele?

I-turbidity kanye neTotal Suspended Solids (TSS) imiqondo ehlobene, kodwa ayifani.Zombili zibhekisela ezinhlayiyeni ezilengiswe emanzini, kodwa ziyehluka ngendlela ezikala ngayo nokuthi zibalwa kanjani.
I-turbidity ikala indawo yokubona yamanzi, ikakhulukazi ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okuhlakazwe yizinhlayiya ezimisiwe.Ayilinganisi ngokuqondile inani lezinhlayiya, kodwa kunalokho ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okuvinjiwe noma okuphambukiswa yilezo zinhlayiya.I-Turbidity ayithintwa kuphela ukuhlangana kwezinhlayiya kodwa futhi nezici ezifana nosayizi, umumo, nombala wezinhlayiyana zokulinganisa kanye namaza okukhanya asetshenzisiwe kanye namaza okukhanya.

I-Industrial Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Meter

Ingqikithi Yezinsimbi Ezimisiwe(TSS) ikala isisindo sangempela sezinhlayiya ezimisiwe kusampula lamanzi.Ilinganisa isamba sesisindo sokuqina okumiswe emanzini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izici zazo zokubona.
I-TSS ikalwa ngokuhlunga umthamo owaziwayo wamanzi ngesihlungi (ngokuvamile isihlungi esinesisindo esaziwayo).Ngemva kokuba amanzi esehlungiwe, izinto eziqinile ezisele esihlungini zomiswa futhi zikalwe.Umphumela uvezwa ngamamiligremu ilitha ngalinye (mg/L).I-TSS ihlobene ngokuqondile nenani lezinhlayiya ezimisiwe, kodwa ayinikezi ulwazi mayelana nosayizi wezinhlayiya noma ukuthi isakaza kanjani ukukhanya.
Umehluko Obalulekile:
1) Uhlobo Lokulinganisa:
I-Turbidity i-optical property (indlela ukukhanya okuhlakazeka ngayo noma ukumuncwa).
I-TSS iyimpahla ebonakalayo (inqwaba yezinhlayiya ezilenga emanzini).
2) Lokho Abakukalayo:
Imfucumfucu inika inkomba yokuthi amanzi acwebe noma afiphele kangakanani, kodwa ayinikezi inqwaba yangempela yezinto eziqinile.
I-TSS ihlinzeka ngesilinganiso esiqondile senani lezinto eziqinile emanzini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kucace noma kufiphele kangakanani.
3) Amayunithi:
I-Turbidity ikalwa nge-NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units).
I-TSS ikalwa ngo-mg/L (ama-milligram ilitha).
Ingabe umbala ne-turbidity kuyafana?

Umbala kanye ne-turbidity akufani, nakuba kokubili kuthinta ukubukeka kwamanzi.

Ikhwalithi Yamanzi Imitha Yombala Ye-inthanethi

Nawu umehluko:
Umbala ubhekisela kumbala noma kumbala wamanzi okubangelwa izinto ezincibilikisiwe, njengezinto eziphilayo (njengamaqabunga abolayo) noma amaminerali (njengensimbi noma i-manganese).Ngisho namanzi acwebile angaba nombala uma equkethe izinhlanganisela ezinemibala encibilikile.
I-turbidity isho ukuguqubala noma ukuqina kwamanzi okubangelwa izinhlayiya ezimisiwe, njengobumba, udaka, ama-microorganisms, noma ezinye izinto eziqinile eziqinile.Ikala ukuthi izinhlayiya zisakaza kangakanani ukukhanya okudlula emanzini.
Kafushane:
Umbala = izinto ezincibilikisiwe
I-turbidity = izinhlayiya ezimisiwe