Icala Lokusetshenziswa Kokuqapha Ukungcola Enkampanini Yokukhiqiza Yasentwasahlobo

Enqubweni yokwelapha ubuso beziphethu, i-phosphating isetshenziswa ukwakha ungqimba oluvikelayo oluvimbela ukugqwala. Lokhu kuhilela ukucwilisa iziphethu esixazululweni se-phosphating esiqukethe ama-ion ensimbi njenge-zinc, i-manganese, ne-nickel. Ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, kwakheka ifilimu kasawoti we-phosphate enganyibiliki ebusweni beziphethu.

Le nqubo idala izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamanzi angcolile
1. Isixazululo Sokugeza Imfucuza Ene-Phosphating: I-phosphating bath idinga ukushintshwa njalo, okuholela ekufakweni kwemfucuza equkethe ukugcwala okuphezulu. Izinto ezingcolisayo ezibalulekile zifaka i-zinc, i-manganese, i-nickel, ne-phosphate.
2. Amanzi Okuhlanza Nge-Phosphating: Ngemva kokuhlanza nge-phosphating, kwenziwa izigaba eziningi zokuhlanza. Nakuba ukugcwala kokungcola kuphansi kunokwasebhafini elichithiwe, umthamo mkhulu kakhulu. Lawa manzi okuhlanza aqukethe i-zinc esele, i-manganese, i-nickel, kanye ne-phosphorus ephelele, okuwumthombo oyinhloko wamanzi angcolile e-phosphating ezindaweni zokukhiqiza zasentwasahlobo.

Ukubuka Okuningiliziwe Kwezinto Ezingcolisayo Eziyinhloko:
1. Insimbi – Ukungcola Okuyinhloko Kwensimbi
Umthombo: Ngokuyinhloko uvela enkambisweni yokuqoqa i-asidi, lapho insimbi yasentwasahlobo iphathwa khona nge-hydrochloric noma i-sulfuric acid ukuze kususwe isikali se-iron oxide (ukugqwala). Lokhu kuphumela ekuncibilikeni okukhulu kwama-iron ion emanzini angcolile.
Isizathu Sokuqapha Nokulawula:
- Umthelela Obonakalayo: Lapho ikhishwa, ama-ion e-ferrous axubeka abe ama-ion e-ferric, akha ama-precipitate e-ferric hydroxide abomvu ansundu abangela ukudungeka kanye nokushintsha kombala wezindawo zamanzi.
- Imiphumela Yemvelo: I-ferric hydroxide eqongelelekile ingahlala emifuleni, igubungele izinto eziphilayo ezingaphansi komhlaba futhi iphazamise imvelo yasemanzini.
- Izinkinga Zengqalasizinda: Ama-iron deposits angabangela ukuvaleka kwamapayipi kanye nokwehla kokusebenza kahle kwesistimu.
- Isidingo Sokwelashwa: Naphezu kobuthi bayo obuphansi, i-iron ivame ukuba khona ngamanani aphezulu futhi ingasuswa ngempumelelo ngokulungiswa kwe-pH kanye nemvula. Ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwezinqubo ezingezansi.

2. I-Zinc ne-Manganese – "I-Phosphating Pair"
Imithombo: Lezi zinto zivela ngokuyinhloko enqubweni ye-phosphating, ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukumelana nokugqwala kanye nokunamathela kwe-coating. Abakhiqizi abaningi basentwasahlobo basebenzisa izixazululo ze-phosphating ezisekelwe ku-zinc noma ku-manganese. Ukuhlanza ngamanzi okulandelayo kuthwala ama-ion e-zinc kanye ne-manganese aye emfudlaneni wamanzi angcolile.
Isizathu Sokuqapha Nokulawula:
- Ubuthi Bamanzi: Zombili izinsimbi zibonisa ubuthi obukhulu ezinhlanzini nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, ngisho noma ziphansi, okuthinta ukukhula, ukuzala kanye nokusinda.
- I-Zinc: Iphazamisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-fish gill, ibeka engcupheni ukusebenza kahle kokuphefumula.
- I-Manganese: Ukuchayeka njalo kuholela ekuqongeleleni kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nemiphumela engaba khona yobuthi bemizwa.
- Ukuthobela Imithetho: Izindinganiso zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe zokukhipha zibeka imingcele eqinile ekugcwaleni kwe-zinc ne-manganese. Ukususwa okuphumelelayo ngokuvamile kudinga ukuna kwamakhemikhali kusetshenziswa ama-reagent e-alkaline ukuze kwakhiwe ama-hydroxide angancibiliki.

3. I-Nickel – Insimbi Enzima Eyingozi Edinga Ukulawulwa Okuqinile
Imithombo:
- Okuvela ezintweni zokusetshenziswa: Izinsimbi ezithile ze-alloy, okuhlanganisa nensimbi engagqwali, ziqukethe i-nickel, encibilika ibe yi-asidi ngesikhathi sokukhuhla.
- Izinqubo zokwelapha ubuso: Ezinye izembozo ezikhethekile ze-electroplating noma zamakhemikhali zifaka ama-nickel compounds.
Isizathu Sokuqapha Nokulawula (Ukubaluleka Okubalulekile):
- Izingozi Zempilo Nezemvelo: I-nickel kanye namakhemikhali athile e-nickel ahlukaniswa njengezinto ezingaba umdlavuza. Aphinde abe nezingozi ngenxa yobuthi bawo, izakhiwo zokungezwani komzimba, kanye nekhono lokuqongelela izinto eziphilayo, okuletha izinsongo zesikhathi eside empilweni yabantu kanye nasezindaweni zemvelo.
- Imikhawulo Yokukhipha Okuqinile: Imithethonqubo efana ne-"Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard" ebekwe phakathi kwamazinga aphansi kakhulu avunyelwe e-nickel (ngokuvamile ≤0.5–1.0 mg/L), okubonisa izinga layo eliphezulu lengozi.
- Izinselele Zokwelapha: Ukuna kwe-alkali okuvamile kungase kungafinyeleli amazinga okuhambisana nomthetho; izindlela ezithuthukisiwe ezifana nama-chelating agents noma ukuna kwe-sulfide zivame ukudingeka ukuze kususwe i-nickel ngempumelelo.

Ukukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile angalashwanga ngokuqondile kungaholela ekungcoleni okukhulu nokuqhubekayo kwemvelo kwamanzi kanye nenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, wonke amanzi angcolile kumele aphathwe kahle futhi ahlolwe ngokuqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho ngaphambi kokukhishwa. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela endaweni yokukhipha amanzi kusebenza njengesinyathelo esibalulekile samabhizinisi ukufeza imithwalo yemfanelo yemvelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho, kanye nokunciphisa izingozi zemvelo nezomthetho.