Isicelo Secala Lokuqapha Ukungcola Enkampanini Yokukhiqiza Intwasahlobo

Enqubweni yokwelapha okungaphezulu kweziphethu, i-phosphating isetshenziswa ukwenza i-coating evikelayo evimbela ukugqwala. Lokhu kuhilela ukucwiliswa kwemithombo kwisisombululo se-phosphating esiqukethe ama-ion ensimbi njenge-zinc, manganese, ne-nickel. Ngokuphendula kwamakhemikhali, ifilimu kasawoti ye-phosphate engancibilikiyo yenziwa endaweni yasentwasahlobo.

Le nqubo ikhiqiza izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamanzi angcolile
1. Isixazululo Sokugeza Imfucuza Ye-Phosphating: Ibhavu le-phosphating lidinga ukushintshwa ngezikhathi ezithile, okuholela kuketshezi lwemfucuza olugcwala kakhulu. Izinto ezingcolisayo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa i-zinc, i-manganese, i-nickel, ne-phosphate.
2. I-Phosphating Hashaza Amanzi: Ukulandela i-phosphating, izigaba eziningi zokuhlanza ziyenziwa. Nakuba ukugxilisa ukungcola kuphansi kunaleyo yokugeza okuchithiwe, umthamo mkhulu. La manzi okugeza aqukethe i-zinc eyinsalela, i-manganese, i-nickel, ne-phosphorus isiyonke, okwenza umthombo omkhulu wamanzi angcolile e-phosphating ezindaweni zokukhiqiza zasentwasahlobo.

Ukubuka Okuningiliziwe Kwezinto Ezingcolisayo Eziyinhloko:
1. I-ayoni - I-Primary Metallic Pollutant
Umthombo: Ngokuyinhloko isuka kunqubo yokukhetha i-asidi, lapho insimbi yasentwasahlobo iphathwa nge-hydrochloric noma i-sulfuric acid ukususa isikali se-iron oxide (ukugqwala). Lokhu kubangela ukuhlakazeka okukhulu kwama-iron emanzini angcolile.
Isizathu Sokuqapha Nokulawula:
- Umthelela Obukwayo: Lapho ephuma, ama-ion ayoni afaka i-oxidize kuma-ion ferric, enze i-ferric hydroxide precipitates ebomvu-nsundu edala ukuguquguquka nokushintsha kombala kwemithombo yamanzi.
- Imithelela Yemvelo: I-ferric hydroxide enqwabelene ingahlala emifuleni, ishunqise izinto eziphila emanzini futhi iphazamise imvelo yasemanzini.
- Izinkinga zengqalasizinda: Idiphozithi ye-ayina ingase iholele ekuvaleni kwamapayipi kanye nokuncipha kokusebenza kahle kwesistimu.
- Isidingo Sokwelashwa: Naphezu kobuthi bayo obuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, i-ayoni ngokuvamile iba khona ezindaweni ezigxilile kakhulu futhi ingasuswa ngempumelelo ngokulungiswa kwe-pH kanye nemvula. Ukwelashwa kusengaphambili kubalulekile ukuze kuvinjwe ukuphazamiseka kwezinqubo ezansi nomfula.

2. I-Zinc neManganese - "I-Phosphating Pair"
Imithombo: Lezi zakhi ngokuyinhloko zisuka ohlelweni lwe-phosphating, olubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukumelana nokugqwala nokunamathela kokunamathela. Abakhiqizi abaningi basentwasahlobo basebenzisa i-zinc- noma i-manganese-based phosphating solutions. Ukugeza kwamanzi okulandelayo kuthwala i-zinc nama-manganese ions emthonjeni wamanzi angcolile.
Isizathu Sokuqapha Nokulawula:
- Ubuthi Basemanzini: Zombili izinsimbi zibonisa ubuthi obubalulekile ezinhlanzini nakwezinye izinto eziphila emanzini, ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi, ezithinta ukukhula, ukuzala, nokuphila.
I-Zinc: Iphazamisa ukusebenza kwezinso zezinhlanzi, ibeka engcupheni ukusebenza kahle kokuphefumula.
I-Manganese: Ukuchayeka okungamahlalakhona kuholela ekuqongeleleni kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nemiphumela engaba yi-neurotoxic.
- Ukuthobela Umthetho: Izindinganiso zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe zibeka imingcele eqinile ekugxilweni kwe-zinc kanye ne-manganese. Ukususwa okusebenzayo ngokuvamile kudinga imvula yamakhemikhali kusetshenziswa ama-alkaline reagent ukuze kwakheke ama-insoluble hydroxides.

3. I-Nickel - Insimbi Enzima Eyingozi Edinga Ukulawulwa Okuqinile
Imithombo:
- Itholakala ezintweni ezingavuthiwe: Izinsimbi ezithile ze-alloy, kuhlanganise nensimbi engagqwali, zine-nickel, encibilika ibe yi-asidi ngesikhathi sokukhetha.
- Izinqubo zokwelapha ezingaphezulu: Okunye okukhethekile kwe-electroplating noma amakhemikhali ahlanganisa izinhlanganisela ze-nickel.
Isizathu Sokuqapha Nokulawula (Ukubaluleka Okubalulekile):
- Izingozi Zezempilo Nezemvelo: I-nickel nezinhlanganisela ezithile ze-nickel zihlukaniswa njengezinto ezingadala umdlavuza. Ziphinde zibe nezingozi ngenxa yobuthi bazo, izakhiwo ze-allergenic, kanye namandla okuqongelela izinto eziphilayo, ezethula izinsongo zesikhathi eside kuzo zombili impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo.
- Imikhawulo Eqinile Yokulahla: Imithetho efana "Nezinga Lokukhipha Amanzi Angcolile Edidiyelwe" elibekwe phakathi kokugxilisa okuphansi okuvunyelwe kwe-nickel (ngokuvamile ≤0.5–1.0 mg/L), okubonisa izinga layo eliphezulu lengozi.
- Izinselele Zokwelapha: Imvula evamile ye-alkali ingase ingafinyeleli amazinga okuthobela; izindlela ezithuthukisiwe ezifana nama-chelating agents noma i-sulfide precipitation ngokuvamile iyadingeka ukuze kukhishwe i-nickel ephumelelayo.

Ukuchithwa okuqondile kwamanzi angcolile angalungisiwe kungaholela ekungcolisweni kwemvelo okunamandla nokuqhubekayo kwemithombo yamanzi nomhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, wonke amanzi angcolile kufanele aphathwe ngendlela efanele futhi ahlolwe ngokuqinile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa ngaphambi kokukhululwa. Ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela endaweni yokukhipha impahla kusebenza njengesinyathelo esibalulekile ukuze amabhizinisi afeze izibopho zemvelo, aqinisekise ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho, futhi anciphise ubungozi bemvelo nezomthetho.