Icala Lokusetshenziswa Kokukhishwa Kwamanzi Angcolile Ezinkampanini Zokuhlatshwa Nokucubungula Inyama Eluhlaza zaseShanghai

Inkampani yokucubungula inyama eseShanghai yasungulwa ngo-2011 futhi itholakala eSifundeni saseSongjiang. Imisebenzi yayo yebhizinisi ihlanganisa imisebenzi evunyelwe njengokuhlatshwa kwezingulube, ukufuywa kwezinkukhu nezilwane ezifuywayo, ukusatshalaliswa kokudla, kanye nokuthuthwa kwempahla emgwaqweni (ngaphandle kwezinto eziyingozi). Inhlangano engumzali, inkampani yezimboni nezokuhweba eseShanghai etholakala eSifundeni saseSongjiang, iyinkampani yangasese ehileleke kakhulu ekulimeni izingulube. Iqondisa amapulazi amane amakhulu ezingulube, okwamanje igcina izingulube ezifuywayo ezingaba ngu-5,000 ezinomthamo wonyaka wezingulube ezifika ku-100,000 ezilungele imakethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani isebenzisana namapulazi emvelo angu-50 ahlanganisa ukutshalwa kwezitshalo kanye nokufuywa kwezilwane.

Amabhizinisi Okuhlaba Nokucubungula Inyama Engaphekiwe

Amanzi angcolile akhiqizwa ezindlini zokulahlela izingulube aqukethe amazinga aphezulu ezinto eziphilayo kanye nezakhamzimba. Uma engalashwanga, abeka izingozi ezinkulu ezinhlelweni zasemanzini, enhlabathini, ekhwalithini yomoya, kanye nasezindaweni ezibanzi zemvelo. Imithelela eyinhloko kwezemvelo yilena elandelayo:

1. Ukungcoliswa Kwamanzi (umphumela osheshayo nonzima kakhulu)
Ukungcola kwendlu yokuhlatshwa kucebile ngokungcola okungokwemvelo kanye nezakhamzimba. Uma kukhishwa ngqo emifuleni, emachibini, noma emachibini, izingxenye eziphilayo—njengegazi, amafutha, indle, kanye nezinsalela zokudla—zibola ngama-microorganisms, inqubo edla inani elikhulu le-oxygen encibilikisiwe (DO). Ukuncipha kwe-DO kuholela ezimweni ezingena-aerobic, okuholela ekufeni kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini njengezinhlanzi kanye ne-shrimp ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-hypoxia. Ukubola kwe-Anaerobic kuphinde kukhiqize amagesi anephunga elibi—kufaka phakathi i-hydrogen sulfide, i-ammonia, kanye ne-mercaptans—okubangela ukushintsha kombala wamanzi kanye nephunga elibi, okwenza amanzi angasetshenziswa nganoma iyiphi injongo.

Amanzi angcolile aqukethe amazinga aphezulu e-nitrogen (N) kanye ne-phosphorus (P). Lapho engena emanzini, lezi zakhi zikhuthaza ukukhula ngokweqile kwe-algae kanye ne-phytoplankton, okuholela ekuqhakazeni kwe-algal noma ama-red tide. Ukubola okulandelayo kwe-algae efile kunciphisa umoya-mpilo, kuphazamise imvelo yasemanzini. Amanzi e-Eutrophic abhekana nekhwalithi ewohlokayo futhi awafanele ukuphuzwa, ukunisela, noma ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcola kungathwala amagciwane abangela izifo—kufaka phakathi amagciwane, amagciwane, namaqanda ezinambuzane (isb. i-Escherichia coli kanye ne-Salmonella)—avela emathunjini nasendle yezilwane. Lawa magciwane angasakazeka ngokugeleza kwamanzi, angcolise imithombo yamanzi engezansi komfula, andise ingozi yokudluliselwa kwezifo ze-zoonotic, futhi abeke impilo yomphakathi engozini.

2. Ukungcoliswa Kwenhlabathi
Uma amanzi angcolile ekhishwa ngqo emhlabathini noma esetshenziselwa ukunisela, izinto eziqinile ezilengisiwe namafutha angavala izikhala zomhlabathi, aphazamise isakhiwo somhlabathi, anciphise ukungena kwamanzi, futhi aphazamise ukukhula kwezimpande. Ukuba khona kwezibulala-magciwane, izihlanzi, kanye nezinsimbi ezisindayo (isb., ithusi kanye ne-zinc) ezivela ekudleni kwezilwane kunganqwabelana enhlabathini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kushintshe izakhiwo zayo ze-physicochemical, kubangele usawoti noma ubuthi, futhi kwenze umhlabathi ungafaneleki kwezolimo. I-nitrogen kanye ne-phosphorus eningi ngaphezu kwamandla okungenisa izitshalo kungaholela ekulimaleni kwezitshalo ("ukusha komanyolo") futhi kungavuza emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, okubeka engcupheni yokungcola.

3. Ukungcoliswa Komoya
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezibangelwa umoya-mpilo, ukubola kwamanzi amdaka kukhiqiza amagesi ayingozi futhi ayingozi njenge-hydrogen sulfide (H₂S, ebonakala ngephunga leqanda elibolile), i-ammonia (NH₃), ama-amine, kanye nama-mercaptan. Lokhu kukhishwa akudali nje kuphela iphunga eliphazamisayo elithinta imiphakathi eseduze kodwa futhi kubeka izingozi empilweni; amazinga aphezulu e-H₂S anobuthi futhi angaba yingozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-methane (CH₄), igesi enamandla okushisa umhlaba enamandla okufudumala komhlaba okuphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amabili kune-carbon dioxide, ikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokugaya i-anaerobic, okufaka isandla ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu.

i-analyzer yesidingo se-oxygen yamakhemikhali (i-COD)

EShayina, ukukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka ezitolo zokuhlatshwa kulawulwa ngaphansi kohlelo lwemvume oludinga ukuhambisana nemikhawulo egunyaziwe yokukhishwa komoya. Izikhungo kumele zilandele ngokuqinile imithethonqubo yeMvume Yokukhipha Ukungcola futhi zihlangabezane nezidingo "zeZinga Lokukhipha Ukungcola Kwamanzi Embonini Yokucubungula Inyama" (GB 13457-92), kanye nanoma yiziphi izindinganiso zendawo ezisebenzayo ezingaba nzima kakhulu.

Ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwamanzi kuhlolwa ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo kwamapharamitha amahlanu abalulekile: isidingo se-oxygen yamakhemikhali (i-COD), i-ammonia nitrogen (i-NH₃-N), i-phosphorus iyonke (i-TP), i-nitrogen iyonke (i-TN), kanye ne-pH. Lezi zinkomba zisebenza njengezilinganiso zokusebenza zokuhlola ukusebenza kwezinqubo zokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka—kufaka phakathi ukuthungwa kwamanzi, ukuhlukaniswa kwamafutha, ukwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo, ukususwa kwezakhamzimba, kanye nokubulala amagciwane—okuvumela ukulungiswa ngesikhathi ukuqinisekisa ukukhishwa kwamanzi amdaka okuzinzile nokuvumelanayo.

- Isidingo Se-Oksijini Yamakhemikhali (i-COD):I-COD ilinganisa inani eliphelele lezinto eziphilayo ezingasuswa emanzini. Amanani aphezulu e-COD abonisa ukungcola okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo. Amanzi angcolile asezihlahleni, aqukethe igazi, amafutha, amaprotheni, kanye nezinto zangasese, ngokuvamile abonisa amazinga e-COD asukela ku-2,000 kuya ku-8,000 mg/L noma ngaphezulu. Ukuqapha i-COD kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukusebenza kahle kokususwa komthwalo wezinto eziphilayo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lokwelapha amanzi angcolile lusebenza kahle ngaphakathi kwemingcele eyamukelekayo emvelweni.

- I-Ammonia Nitrogen (NH₃-N): Le pharamitha ibonisa ukugcwala kwe-ammonia yamahhala (NH₃) kanye nama-ion e-ammonium (NH₄⁺) emanzini. I-nitrification ye-ammonia idla umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe obalulekile futhi ingaholela ekuncipheni komoya-mpilo. I-ammonia yamahhala inobuthi kakhulu ezimpilweni zasemanzini ngisho noma ingaphansi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ammonia isebenza njengomthombo wezakhamzimba wokukhula kwe-algal, okufaka isandla ekukhuleni kwe-eutrophication. Ivela ekuqhekekeni komchamo, indle, kanye namaprotheni emanzini angcolile asezindaweni zokulahlela. Ukuqapha i-NH₃-N kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinqubo ze-nitrification kanye ne-denitrification futhi kunciphisa izingozi zemvelo kanye nempilo.

- I-nitrogen Ephelele (TN) kanye ne-Phosphorus Ephelele (TP):I-TN imele isamba sazo zonke izinhlobo ze-nitrogen (i-ammonia, i-nitrate, i-nitrite, i-nitrogen ephilayo), kuyilapho i-TP ihlanganisa zonke izinhlanganisela ze-phosphorus. Zombili ziyizimbangela eziyinhloko ze-eutrophication. Uma zikhishwa emanzini ahamba kancane njengamachibi, amadamu, kanye nemisele yamanzi, ukungcola okucebile nge-nitrogen ne-phosphorus kukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-algal okuqhumayo—okufana nemizimba yamanzi efaka umquba—okuholela ekuqhakazeni kwe-algal. Imithethonqubo yamanzi amdaka yanamuhla ibeka imingcele eqinile ekukhishweni kwe-TN kanye ne-TP. Ukuqapha lezi zinhlaka kuhlola ukusebenza kahle kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokususa izakhamzimba futhi kusiza ukuvimbela ukuwohloka kwesimiso semvelo.

- Inani le-pH:I-pH ikhombisa ubumuncu noma i-alkalinity yamanzi. Iningi lezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini liphila ngaphakathi kobubanzi be-pH obuncane (ngokuvamile 6-9). Ukungcola okune-acidic noma i-alkali ngokweqile kungalimaza impilo yasemanzini futhi kuphazamise ibhalansi yemvelo. Ezitshalweni zokwelashwa kwamanzi amdaka, ukugcina i-pH efanele kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinqubo zokwelashwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuqapha i-pH okuqhubekayo kusekela ukuzinza kwenqubo kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho.

Le nkampani ifake amathuluzi okuqapha alandelayo aku-inthanethi avela ku-Boqu Instruments endaweni yayo enkulu yokukhipha imfucuza:
- I-CODG-3000 I-Online Automatic Chemical Oxygen Demand Monitor
- I-NHNG-3010 I-Ammonia Nitrogen I-Monitor Ezenzakalelayo Ku-inthanethi
- I-TPG-3030 I-Total Phosphorus Online Automatic Analyzer
- I-TNG-3020 I-Total Nitrogen Online Automatic Analyzer
- I-PHG-2091 I-Analyzer Ezenzakalelayo E-inthanethi

I-Amoniya Nitrogen Online Automatic Monitor

I-Total Phosphorus Nitrogen Online Automatic Analyzer

Laba bahlaziyi bavumela ukuqapha kwangempela kwe-COD, i-ammonia nitrogen, i-phosphorus iyonke, i-nitrogen iyonke, kanye namazinga e-pH emngcoleni. Le datha yenza kube lula ukuhlolwa kokungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo nezakhamzimba, ukuhlolwa kwezingozi zemvelo nezempilo yomphakathi, kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana namasu okwelapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ivumela ukwenziwa ngcono kwezinqubo zokwelapha, ukusebenza kahle okuthuthukisiwe, izindleko zokusebenza ezincishisiwe, umthelela oncishisiwe wezemvelo, kanye nokuhambisana njalo nemithethonqubo yezemvelo kazwelonke neyendawo.